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      JavaScript Closure
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        <h1 id="一、变量的作用域"><a href="#一、变量的作用域" class="headerlink" title="一、变量的作用域"></a>一、变量的作用域</h1><p>函数内部声明变量的时候，一定要使用var命令。如果不用的话，你实际上声明了一个全局变量！<br><figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">　<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">f1</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">　　　　n=<span class="number">999</span>;</span><br><span class="line">　　&#125;</span><br><span class="line">　　f1();</span><br><span class="line">　　alert(n); <span class="comment">// 999</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
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<h1 id="二、如何从外部读取局部变量？"><a href="#二、如何从外部读取局部变量？" class="headerlink" title="二、如何从外部读取局部变量？"></a>二、如何从外部读取局部变量？</h1><p>出于种种原因，我们有时候需要得到函数内的局部变量。但是，前面已经说过了，正常情况下，这是办不到的，只有通过变通方法才能实现。<br>那就是在函数的内部，再定义一个函数。<br><figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">　　<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">f1</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">　　　　<span class="keyword">var</span> n=<span class="number">999</span>;</span><br><span class="line">　　　　<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">f2</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">　　　　　　alert(n); <span class="comment">// 999</span></span><br><span class="line">　　　　&#125;</span><br><span class="line">　　&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>在上面的代码中，函数f2就被包括在函数f1内部，这时f1内部的所有局部变量，对f2都是可见的。但是反过来就不行，f2内部的局部变量，对f1就是不可见的。这就是Javascript语言特有的”链式作用域”结构（chain scope），子对象会一级一级地向上寻找所有父对象的变量。所以，父对象的所有变量，对子对象都是可见的，反之则不成立。<br>既然f2可以读取f1中的局部变量，那么只要把f2作为返回值，我们不就可以在f1外部读取它的内部变量了吗！<br><figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">　　<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">f1</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">　　　　<span class="keyword">var</span> n=<span class="number">999</span>;</span><br><span class="line">　　　　<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">f2</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">　　　　　　alert(n); </span><br><span class="line">　　　　&#125;</span><br><span class="line">　　　　<span class="keyword">return</span> f2;</span><br><span class="line">　　&#125;</span><br><span class="line">　　<span class="keyword">var</span> result=f1();</span><br><span class="line">　　result(); <span class="comment">// 999</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<h1 id="三、闭包的概念"><a href="#三、闭包的概念" class="headerlink" title="三、闭包的概念"></a>三、闭包的概念</h1><p>上一节代码中的f2函数，就是闭包。<br>各种专业文献上的”闭包”（closure）定义非常抽象，很难看懂。我的理解是，闭包就是能够读取其他函数内部变量的函数。<br>由于在Javascript语言中，只有函数内部的子函数才能读取局部变量，因此可以把闭包简单理解成”定义在一个函数内部的函数”。<br>所以，在本质上，闭包就是将函数内部和函数外部连接起来的一座桥梁。</p>
<h1 id="四、闭包的用途"><a href="#四、闭包的用途" class="headerlink" title="四、闭包的用途"></a>四、闭包的用途</h1><p>闭包可以用在许多地方。它的最大用处有两个，一个是前面提到的可以读取函数内部的变量，另一个就是让这些变量的值始终保持在内存中。<br>怎么来理解这句话呢？请看下面的代码。<br><figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">　　<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">f1</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">　　　　<span class="keyword">var</span> n=<span class="number">999</span>;</span><br><span class="line">　　　　nAdd=<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span>&#123;n+=<span class="number">1</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">　　　　<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">f2</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">　　　　　　alert(n);</span><br><span class="line">　　　　&#125;</span><br><span class="line">　　　　<span class="keyword">return</span> f2;</span><br><span class="line">　　&#125;</span><br><span class="line">　　<span class="keyword">var</span> result=f1();</span><br><span class="line">　　result(); <span class="comment">// 999</span></span><br><span class="line">　　nAdd();</span><br><span class="line">　　result(); <span class="comment">// 1000</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>在这段代码中，result实际上就是闭包f2函数。它一共运行了两次，第一次的值是999，第二次的值是1000。这证明了，函数f1中的局部变量n一直保存在内存中，并没有在f1调用后被自动清除。<br>为什么会这样呢？原因就在于f1是f2的父函数，而f2被赋给了一个全局变量，这导致f2始终在内存中，而f2的存在依赖于f1，因此f1也始终在内存中，不会在调用结束后，被垃圾回收机制（garbage collection）回收。<br>这段代码中另一个值得注意的地方，就是”nAdd=function(){n+=1}”这一行，首先在nAdd前面没有使用var关键字，因此nAdd是一个全局变量，而不是局部变量。其次，nAdd的值是一个匿名函数（anonymous function），而这个匿名函数本身也是一个闭包，所以nAdd相当于是一个setter，可以在函数外部对函数内部的局部变量进行操作。</p>
<h1 id="五、使用闭包的注意点"><a href="#五、使用闭包的注意点" class="headerlink" title="五、使用闭包的注意点"></a>五、使用闭包的注意点</h1><p>1）由于闭包会使得函数中的变量都被保存在内存中，内存消耗很大，所以不能滥用闭包，否则会造成网页的性能问题，在IE中可能导致内存泄露。解决方法是，在退出函数之前，将不使用的局部变量全部删除。<br>2）闭包会在父函数外部，改变父函数内部变量的值。所以，如果你把父函数当作对象（object）使用，把闭包当作它的公用方法（Public Method），把内部变量当作它的私有属性（private value），这时一定要小心，不要随便改变父函数内部变量的值。</p>
<h1 id="六、思考题"><a href="#六、思考题" class="headerlink" title="六、思考题"></a>六、思考题</h1><p>如果你能理解下面两段代码的运行结果，应该就算理解闭包的运行机制了。<br>代码片段一。<br><figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> name = <span class="string">"The Window"</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> object = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    name: <span class="string">"My Object"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    getNameFunc: <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params"></span>) </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">var</span> that = <span class="keyword">this</span>;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params"></span>) </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">return</span> that.name;</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">console</span>.log(object.getNameFunc()());</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> name = <span class="string">"The Window"</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> object = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    name: <span class="string">"My Object"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    getNameFunc: <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params"></span>) </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params"></span>) </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">this</span>.name;</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;.bind(<span class="keyword">this</span>);</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">console</span>.log(object.getNameFunc()());</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> name = <span class="string">"The Window"</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> object = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    name: <span class="string">"My Object"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    getNameFunc: <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params"></span>) </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params"></span>) </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">this</span>.name;</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">console</span>.log(object.getNameFunc()());</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">func</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">this</span>.a = <span class="number">100</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    a  = <span class="number">33</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">this</span>.a = <span class="number">200</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="keyword">this</span>.a); <span class="comment">// 非 strict 输出 200</span></span><br><span class="line">func();</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="keyword">this</span>.a); <span class="comment">// 非 strict 输出 33</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>

      
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